DATAR / INSEE / DGFI P
- Definition
The poverty rate is the proportion of individuals belonging to households whose standard of living, that is to say, the disposable income (after transfers, taxes and benefits) per consumption unit (CPU) is less threshold of 60% of median disposable income per CPU the entire population. In 2006, this threshold is 876 euros per month in France.
The standard of living determines people's access to goods and services. Below a certain threshold, we can consider that access to the minimum necessary to have decent living conditions and maintain social bonds is not guaranteed. The poverty rate, which measures the proportion of the population of a territory in this situation, therefore reflects the degree of disability society to ensure the well-being of all limiting disparities, a prerequisite for social cohesion.
For reasons of data availability, the territorial level is retained in the department. It gives a first overview of the geography of poverty and the extent of this scale. But the disparities are equally strong between urban and rural areas or even at the sub-urban areas within the same department. A more detailed analysis from additional data is needed to understand the problem.
indicator only measures poverty by placing it against a standard of income. The threshold of 60% of the median was chosen because it allows international comparisons. He does not debate less and the gap between the thresholds of 50 and 60% shows the difficulty: the poverty rate varies almost a factor of two depending on whether one uses the first or second definition: respectively 7 , 1% and 13.1%.
At the national level, the approach Money is complemented by the analysis of poverty in living conditions from the survey of resources and living conditions (SILC). It focuses on the material difficulties of existence households. These difficulties are measured by the number of deprivations to which the household reports being confronted, among a set of twenty-seven as a reference. But survey data do not allow this approach to a subnational territorial level.
- result relating to the issue of sustainable development
Income poverty affects 13.1% of people in France in 2006. The European average is 16%, with significant differences between countries: 12% in Sweden and Denmark, against 19% in the United Kingdom. The 2002-2006 period contrasts with the years 1997-2002 marked by strong economic growth, many job creation and poverty reduction. The poverty rate is no longer confined since 2004.
Thus, 7.9 million people live below the poverty line in France. Half of them has a lower standard of living to 720 euros per month, a difference of 18.2% in poverty. After declining until 2002, this gap which measures the intensity of poverty, moving upward again.
- territorial disparities
The north and south of the country appear to be most affected by poverty. In the poorest departments, social transfers contribute significantly to income. The average disposable income people living below the poverty line consists of nearly a third of social benefits. In a couple of departments, located in northern and southern countries and in Seine-Saint-Denis, social transfers contribute to at least 50% of disposable income for more than 6% of the population.
Share of individuals whose income depends on more than 50% of social benefits in 2006
The first factor is poverty unemployment. In most poorest departments, the unemployment rate is very significantly above the national average.
Family structure is another differentiating factor of poverty. The different categories of households are not affected in the same way. Large families and single parent families are more often exposed than others. In 2006, 30.3% of people living in single-parent families face poverty, a proportion 2.3 times higher than in the general population. Among those living in a couple with three children, 20% are experiencing poverty.
Unemployment rate and proportion of complex households in 2006
area of residence is also a determining factor. Poor households are highly concentrated in urban centers where the poverty rate reaches 15% on average. But this rate is almost as high in rural municipalities (14.8%), whereas it is significantly below 10% in the suburban (see link to the definition zoning in urban areas).
The poverty rate is not available in each urban center or urban area, but estimated by type of area (urban centers, periurban, rural municipalities and multi-polarized) for each department . The results show strong departmental disparities in urban poverty: the poverty rate in urban centers is 7.8% in the Yvelines, it reached 22.4% in the eastern Pyrenees. It is 21.6% in Seine-Saint-Denis.
The poverty rate for pole Urban is the main determinant of poverty rates of the eleven departments classified as urban according to the OECD typology. Among these 11 counties, poverty rates are very mixed. They are low in Ile-de-France, except in the Seine-Saint-Denis. This department is an exception in this region where the poverty rate is below the average for metropolitan France. In Seine-Saint-Denis, complex households, which include several families, sometimes several generations, are particularly affected, as well as large families. Two other city departments are also strongly affected by Poverty: the Bouches-du-Rhone, who has a profile similar to the Seine-Saint-Denis and the North, where poverty is most common among families.
urban Among these departments, some, like the North or the Bouches-du Rhone, accumulate high levels of poverty in their urban area and rural. The poverty rate lowest as the highest are in the city departments, where they vary from simple to triple. For departments classified as rural or intermediate, the dispersion is smaller: 10% to 20%.
Rural areas are not spared from poverty: 14.8% of people live below the poverty line, almost as much as in urban centers. In 29 of the 55 departments classified as rural in the typology of the OECD, the poverty rate is higher than the national average. In the rural part of the Cantal, Creuse, Aude and Corsica, the poverty rate in rural areas exceeds 20%. Nevertheless, elements of living conditions may qualify the assessment of poverty in rural areas: households are more likely to own their homes than in urban areas and do not pay rent, which can be considered a supplement resources measured by income disregards.
Rural Poverty affects the elderly, but also agricultural assets and people moving out of suburban areas because of lower housing costs and are confronted with accessibility problems at work or services.
- Additional data
To understand the objective of social cohesion, central the concept of sustainable development must take into account the inequality of income but also upstream, unequal access to employment and education and health.
Some indicators may provide additional insights, including those showing political struggle against exclusion: from age 60 receiving income support (RMI) from women aged 15 to 49 beneficiaries of the single parent allowance; from beneficiaries of supplementary universal health coverage, retenus par l’Observatoire des Territoires de la Datar ; la part des retraités et des bénéficiaires du Fonds de solidarité vieillesse dans l'ensemble de la population peut apporter un éclairage complémentaire.
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